Weather charts can show where air masses of different temperatures might collide, but as Carr says, “it’s not an exact science.” That’s why flight crews also rely on warnings from other pilots who’ve recently flown in an area. That’s why you typically see V-8 engines in sports cars or heavy-duty trucks. Most cars, trucks and SUVs with V-8 engines have them because, generally, the more cylinders an engine has, the more powerful it is. With all the hype about hybrid, electric and alternative fuel cars, it’s easy to think that the age of the gasoline engine is over. Though the engine in the car in your driveway has a lot in common with the engines used on the earliest cars, new innovations in engine technology have allowed carmakers to negate some of the problems associated with gasoline automotive engines. Car makers use gasoline engines for a lot of reasons. Police use dopler radars that only look for Doppler-shifted signals, and because the radar beam is a narrow beam, the radar detection only hits one car.

While we’ve focused on pulse radar, there’s also CW radar. Also called continuous wave radar, CW radar uses electromagnetic waves without interruption instead of pulses. It is therefore possible to create a “sound radar,” and that is exactly what sonar is. Because the echo of the sound would be very faint, it’s likely that it would be hard to detect. The radar set measures the time it takes for the echo to arrive, as well as the Doppler effect of the echo. Using special signal processing equipment, the radar set can also measure the Doppler effect very accurately and determine the speed of the airplane. Radio waves travel at the speed of light, roughly 1,000 feet per microsecond; so if the radar set has a good high-speed clock, it can get an accurate distance measurement of the airplane. Engine speed doesn’t track how fast a car’s moving down the road. Same with your engine.

You car’s engine is the same way, only it uses gas for fuel instead of calories. If enough water accumulates in this way, the droplets become heavy enough to fall through the air as precipitation (rain, snow, sleet or hail). Water is softened on a large scale by the addition of just enough lime to precipitate the calcium as carbonate and the magnesium as hydroxide, whereupon sodium carbonate is added to remove the remaining calcium salts. Contaminants that may be in untreated water include microorganisms such as viruses, protozoa and bacteria; inorganic contaminants such as salts and metals; organic chemical contaminants from industrial processes and petroleum use; pesticides and herbicides; and radioactive contaminants. Looking at some of the new technology that improves fuel economy by just a few miles per gallon may not seem like much, but keep in mind that with almost all cars on the road using gasoline engines, small improvements have big impact nationwide. But, while people like V-8 engines because they go fast and can pull heavy loads, most people aren’t doing those things all the time. But if your stomach problem has persisted that long, it’s time to call the doctor. The easiest way to remove all of this clutter from the actual targets and improve radar performance is to filter it out by recognizing what’s not Doppler-shifted.

One way car makers are updating gasoline engines is with variable valve timing and lift. Cylinder deactivation works on the same principle as variable valve timing and lift: An engine needs different amounts of fuel for different types of work. Improvements in power, fuel efficiency and emissions are letting people drive the types of cars that they like while also reducing the amount they pollute and the money they spend on gas. Many air ducts cleaning companies like to take advantage of customers trust and their wallet. Take a V-8 engine, for example. A V-8 engine has eight cylinders. Whenever the engine is on, all eight of those cylinders are working, burning up fuel and air. Radio waves travel far, are invisible to humans and are easy to detect even when they are faint. This technique is called lidar, and it uses short pulses of light instead of short pulses of radio waves. Radar therefore uses radio waves instead of sound. When a police radar shoots out a radar pulse, it echoes off of all sorts of objects – fences, bridges, mountains, buildings. The radar set turns on its transmitter and shoots out a short, high-intensity burst of high-frequency radio waves.