The uncertain legal status of a human right of access to water is in significant respects similar to that of a right to an adequate environment (Boyle 2012). These ‘new’ rights do not readily fit into inherited understandings of human rights as fundamental freedoms. Identify areas for improvement: These tools also identify areas that need improvement in order to create a more inclusive and supportive environment for older adults. Since it’s a more efficient and effective cleaning agent, you may save money on your water bill by not having to re-wash clothes or dishes, or taking longer showers to feel fully cleaned and rinsed. Engaging in climate action: Taking an active role in mitigating climate change can help individuals feel empowered and part of the solution. Then, in a September 2007 meeting in the city of Wuhan, the government’s tune seemed to change. Step 2: Write out your legend (or type it on your computer and print it out); then, draw pictures to illustrate it. Racing legend Junior Johnson is acknowledged as the first driver to use drafting as a competitive tactic. Now that you know the basics of drafting, it’s time to discover how NASCAR drivers use the air to their advantage.

This is in large part due to drafting where an understanding of the physics involved allow drivers to help reduce drag and gain a few more miles per hour (kilometers per hour) in the process. Johnson discovered during qualifying heats that if he pulled up close to the competition, within a few inches, he could keep pace with the bigger and faster vehicles. The draft is when downforce and drag, as well as a few other factors, come together on the track. Plates were first used in the 1970s to even the playing field between larger and smaller engines, as well as a safety measure as the tracks became larger and the cars became more powerful. It’s for this reason that tracks require restrictor plates and other safety measures to limit top speeds. That pressure differential, low on top and high on the bottom, creates lift that allows the plane to soar through the air. A wing is designed so airflow creates a low-pressure system over the top of the wing and a relative high-pressure system underneath. Drag and downforce are affected by airflow coming off of cars driving close by — usually within a car length, though effects can extend up to three car lengths away.

But, overall, there is more pressure coming over the top of the car than underneath. On the ends of the table behind and below the goals, there is usually a puck return. In 1960, at the second Daytona 500, Johnson was behind the wheel of an under powered Chevrolet in competition with several dominant Pontiac cars on the track at that time including one driven by Bobby Johns. When the lead car rockets down the track it pushes through the air leaving a disturbed, or “dirty,” wake behind it. The second car can slip into that disturbed air stream and reap the benefits — that is, if the driver is talented. The forces at play around a NASCAR vehicle can be manipulated by a talented and trained driver. Given that inescapable law, NASCAR teams design, redesign, refine, tweak and nudge their cars to control what happens when several thousand pounds of vehicle rip through the air at speeds often approaching 200 mph (322 kilometers per hour). At speed, downforce can add the equivalent of 1,650 to 1,750 pounds (748 to 794 kilograms) of downforce to the tires.

While speed, road conditions and tire wear all play a part, the main cause of hydroplaning is water depth. The adjustments become a bit of a balancing game: Less downforce means greater straightaway speed, but less grip in the turns, and more downforce means improved grip in the turns, but slower straightaway speeds. It also deals with one of the most basic tenets of physics in racing — the faster a car goes, the more effect air will have on it and work to slow it down. Fifty-five-gallon (208-liter) food-grade plastic drums work great because they’re never used to hold harsh chemicals and they won’t rot or rust. The pools are great way to relax nothing better than soaking in a pool and looking at shotover river. Drafting comes into play when drivers begin pushing the limits of their cars and the engines but are still looking for more. Both tracks offer banked curves and long straightaways where a driver can push a car to its upper limits. At superspeedways, downforce is purposely reduced since the track layout requires higher speeds on the straightaways. Each track on the NASCAR circuit, including the superspeedways, has its own character.