Carlyle Drilling is an experienced, specialist water well drilling company with a complete range of drilling equipment to suit any water well related project anywhere in New Zealand. Last December, the company announced plans to build its Vermont facility – a minimum 50 MW project with the ability to provide more than eight hours of storage – as a solution to transmission challenges in the region. Another commonality between CAES and liquid air storage technologies is they are both trying to carve out a niche that distinguishes them from lithium-ion batteries. Cavada said, adding that while lithium-ion batteries are the best technology for small-scale, shorter-duration projects, it isn’t viable to continue stacking up batteries to scale up. The main benefits of the technology are the attractive costs, flexibility and high energy density, which means it requires a small footprint to put in a large number of MWh, Salvatore Minopoli, vice president of Highview Power, said at the Energy Storage Association’s (ESA) annual conference and expo in August, adding that the optimum scale for a project is anything over 25 MW, and anything over four hours. Mold is a fungus that reproduces by creating small spores that work like seeds.

EPA research shows that exposure to NO2 – even small increases in short-term exposure – exacerbates respiratory problems, particularly asthma, and particularly in children. Applying heat to food produces particles – tiny particles (PM10, or particulate matter 10 micrometers in diameter), tinier particles (PM2.5, or 2.5 micrometers in diameter), and even tinier “ultrafine” particles (100 nanometers in diameter) – that can exacerbate respiratory problems. You can order one online for 15 bucks. One major source of indoor air pollution, it turns out, is the familiar gas stove, which relies on the direct combustion of natural gas. “During the hour I was cooking and baking” with a gas stove, he says, NO2 concentrations spiked “close to 200 ppb.” Though concentrations died down afterward, they averaged 140 pub to 150 ppb over the course of the hour, well in excess of the US outdoor NO2 standard of 100 ppb for one-hour exposure. California’s ambient air quality standards cap CO exposure at 20 ppm over a one-hour period or 9 ppm over an eight-hour period. In response to the latest science, Health Canada has lowered that country’s one-hour outdoor standard to 60 ppb. There is no EPA standard for indoor NO2, but the standard for long-term outdoor exposure is 53 parts per billion (ppb).

Among average people, symptoms start at around 70 parts per million (ppm). Bailie anticipates receiving an order for a large CAES project at some point in the next two years, after which the market will accelerate and start to deploy one or two every year. But renewables are going to continue coming on to the grid, and will become the new baseload for the market – and that is going to create volatility, Minopoli said at the ESA conference. Water snakes are skinnier and lighter than cottonmouths. A reaction turbine needs to fully contain the water during energy transfer. Those attributes could make liquid air competitive, especially in urban areas, said Alex Morris, executive director of the California Energy Storage Alliance. Cavada took over his role at Highview after seeing the enormous demand in the market for large-scale storage with many hours of duration, as well as the simplicity of the technology, which makes it easy to deploy and scale. In fact, LADWP is interested in liquid air storage solutions, said Ashkan Nassiri, the utility’s manager of strategic initiatives. LADWP is particularly interested in the technology because adding more duration to it doesn’t require a linear increase in costs – increasing the system’s duration simply requires adding in low-cost tanks, which brings capital costs down.

Highview has patented the technology that it uses, but intends to license it out to developers to build projects. We had recently purchased a new dryer thinking that our old dryer had gone bad, however it turned out we had a huge clogged vent. When David Lu, CEO and co-founder of Clarity, an outdoor air pollution monitoring company, heard about the indoor air pollution research going on at RMI, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, and elsewhere, he got to thinking. In short, research shows that even low levels of NO2 exposure are dangerous, especially to the vulnerable. This is especially true when cooking with wood or charcoal, which is common in the developing world (one reason millions of Indian women suffer respiratory problems), but it’s even true with gas, the “clean” combustion fuel. But cooking through direct combustion of fuel produces more pollutants than electric cooking. It also produces nitrogen oxides (NOx), including nitrogen oxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2), carbon monoxide (CO), and formaldehyde (CH2O or HCHO).