Charles Pocock. “The Ancestry of Forward Air Controllers”. Archived (PDF) from the original on June 4, 2011. The use of forward air controllers (FAC) was another innovative technique employed during Operation Avalanche. During Operation Enduring Freedom, the lack of fighter aircraft forced military planners to rely heavily on US bombers, particularly the B-1B Lancer, to fill the CAS role. The use of information technology to direct and coordinate precision air support has increased the importance of intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance in using CAS. MCWP 3-23.1: CLOSE AIR SUPPORT (PDF). Ian Gooderson, Air power at the Battlefront: Allied Close Air Support in Europe, 1943-45, p. Usually close support is thought to be only carried out by fighter-bombers or dedicated ground-attack aircraft, such as the A-10 Thunderbolt II (Warthog) or Su-25 (Frogfoot) or attack helicopters such as the AH-64 Apache, but even large high-altitude bombers have successfully filled close support roles using precision-guided munitions.

JP 3-09.3: Close Air Support (PDF). US commanders, impressed by British at the Salerno landings, adapted their own doctrine to include many features of the British system, leading to differentiation of British ‘Rover David’, US ‘Rover Joe’ and British ‘Rover Frank’ controls, the last applying air strikes against fleeting German artillery targets. The 2003 joint CAS doctrine reflects the increased use of electronic and optical technology to direct targeted fires for CAS. Corum, James S.; Wray R. Johnson (2003). Airpower in Small Wars – Fighting Insurgents and Terrorists. The AC-130 has had a particularly lengthy service, being used extensively during the War in Afghanistan, the Iraq War and the US military intervention in Libya during the early twenty-first century. Multiple variants of the AC-130 have been developed and it has continued to be modernised, including the adoption of various new armaments. What is important is that the enemy can significantly reduce the effectiveness of air defense by simultaneously launching salvos of multiple weapons. Our skin is our largest organ and can be disproportionately affected by airborne toxins. With significantly longer loiter times, range, and weapon capacity, bombers can be deployed to bases outside of the immediate battlefield area, with 12-hour missions being commonplace since 2001. After the initial collapse of the Taliban regime in Afghanistan, airfields in Afghanistan became available for continuing operations against the Taliban and Al-Qaeda.

This resulted in a great number of CAS operations being undertaken by aircraft from Belgium (F-16 Fighting Falcon), Denmark (F-16), France (Mirage 2000D), the Netherlands (F-16), Norway (F-16), the United Kingdom (Harrier GR7s, GR9s and Tornado GR4s) and the United States (A-10, F-16, AV-8B Harrier II, F-15E Strike Eagle, F/A-18 Hornet, F/A-18E/F Super Hornet, UH-1Y Venom). FACs were first employed in the Mediterranean by the British Desert Air Force in North Africa but not by the AAF until operations in Salerno. Short History of the Royal Air Force. Air Force Magazine, October 2008, Volume 91, Number 10, p. Oversized ice cube trays, on the other hand, might take longer simply due to the larger volume. Don’t drink, brush your teeth, wash your hands, wash dishes, wash or prepare food, make baby formula, or make ice with it. Assuming that the giant-impact hypothesis is correct, there were never real seas or oceans on the Moon, only perhaps a little moisture (liquid or ice) in some places, when the Moon had a thin atmosphere created by degassing of volcanoes or impacts of icy bodies. In the case of a lawn irrigation system, if there is standing water in the yard then the siphon effect can suck fertilizer, weed killers, dog poop and all sorts of other things into your home’s plumbing.

While they are generally outdoor creatures, these insects can find their way into our homes, causing distress. Afterward, spray your buddy with a reptile-safe mite spray, which are available at pet stores. The sea foam bubbles happen because of molecules called surfactants, which Popular Science explains are “sticky molecules that cling to the surface between water and air.” This sea surface microlayer can come from natural sources, like algae and seaweed, or from human pollution, like fertilizers, detergents and sewage. As you become more comfortable with the style, you can explore different textures, silhouettes, and color palettes that reflect your personal taste and creativity. Helicopters became more commonly used for such purposes during the Korean and Vietnam wars. Actually, you’re probably thinking about which is more painful, reading about laundry or actually doing it. Bomber CAS, relying mainly on GPS guided weapons and laser-guided JDAMs has evolved into a devastating tactical employment methodology and has changed US doctrinal thinking regarding CAS in general. Laser, GPS, and battlefield data transfer are routinely used to coordinate with a wide variety of air platforms able to provide CAS. Strike from Above: The History of Battlefield Air Attack 1911-1945. pp.